2008年10月31日星期五

OWL和工具

OWL最近推出了OWL 2，据说更加强大，还没有来得及仔细研究，摘录下先。

  • OWL 2 Web Ontology Language:Profiles

    tags: owl, owl2, ontology

    • OWL 2 extends the W3C OWL Web Ontology Language with a small but useful set of features that have been requested by users
    • effective reasoning algorithms
    • OWL tool developers are willing to support
    • extra syntactic sugar
    • additional property and qualified cardinality constructors
    • extended datatype support
    • simple metamodelling
    • extended annotations.
    • The OWL Working Group intends to make OWL 2 be a superset of OWL 1
    • OWL 2 will be backward compatible, and creators of OWL 1 documents need only move to OWL 2 when they want to make use of OWL 2 features

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Activity theory -- 在认知心理学之外的理论，以及简单的CHI行为建模GOMS和KML

摘要

CHI、CSCW领域的研究着眼于支持人类工作，这不可避免的需要人类行为和心理的理论基础。这方面的主流是以认知心理学（Cognitive Psychology）为核心的认知科学。而也有采用其他理论作为基础的。例如 行为理论（Activity Theory）就是其中重要的一种。
Activity Theory和Cognitive Psychology最大的区别就在于，A认为意识（Consciousness）为人类所独有，人（Human）和物（Thing）有着本质的区别；而C则认为，从信息处理的角度来看人对信息的处理没有什么不同于计算机器的，信息处理只有能力和范围的不同，本质上，人类没有啥特殊之处。
GOMS是一种认知科学基础上的人机交互的建模方法：Goal、Operations、Methods、Selections，而KLM是这一方法的具体化，Keystroke Level Model是对基于鼠标键盘的人机界面的低层交互建模方法。

Activity Theory 行为理论

  • 深圳广播电视大学

    tags: “Activity, Theory

    • 行 为理论(Activity Theory)是在20世纪40年代由前苏联列昂节夫（Leont’ev）根据他的老师兼同事，著名心理学家和教育理论家维果斯基(Vygotsky)的 文化历史心理学理论发展而来的。行为理论属于交叉学科理论，研究特定文化历史背景下人的行为活动，最早被前苏联应用于残疾儿童的教育和设备控制面板的人性 化设计。在20世纪90年代，Bonnie Nardi等人将行为理论引入美国等西方国家。行为理论的哲学基础是辩证唯物主义哲学，其基本思想是，人类行为是人与社会和物理环境所造就的事物之间的双 向交互过程，人类行为的产生来自于主观人与客观事物之间的普遍联系和不断发展之中。
    • 行为理论通过构造行为系统来实现。行为系统包括三个核心成分（主体、客体和团体）和三个次要成分（工具、规则和劳动分工）。次要成分构成了核心成分三者之间的联系。
          核心成分中主体是行为的执行者，客体是主体加工处理的对象，团体是指行为发生时行为主体所在的群体。次要成分中的工具将主体与客体联系起来，工具包括具体 的工具（如语言、笔、纸、教材等）和抽象的工具（如某种思考方法、某种解题规则等）。规则是社会水平和团体水平的法律、标准、规范、政策、策略、伦理道 德、文化传统以及个体水平的价值观、信仰等等。规则是行为主体与团体之间的联系纽带。在将行为客体转换为某种结果的过程中，需要界定团体中的不同成员在达 到目标过程中所承担的责任，这就劳动分工。劳动分工将团体与客体联系起来。

  • Activity theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

    tags: no_tag

    • Activity theory is a psychological meta-theory, paradigm, or framework, with its roots in the Soviet psychologist Vygotsky's cultural-historical psychology. Its founders were Alexei N. Leont'ev (1903-1979), and Sergei Rubinshtein (1889-1960) who sought to understand human activities as complex, socially situated phenomena and go beyond paradigms of psychoanalysis and behaviorism. It became one of the major psychological approaches in the former USSR, being widely used in both theoretical and applied psychology, in areas such as education, training, ergonomics, and work psychology [1]. Activity theory theorizes that when individuals engage and interact with their environment, production of tools are resulted. These tools are "exteriorized" forms of mental processes, and as these mental processes are manifested in tools, they become more readily accessible and communicable to other people, thereafter becoming useful for social interaction.
    • Activity theory is a psychological meta-theory, paradigm, or framework, with its roots in the Soviet psychologist Vygotsky's cultural-historical psychology. Its founders were Alexei N. Leont'ev (1903-1979), and Sergei Rubinshtein (1889-1960) who sought to understand human activities as complex, socially situated phenomena and go beyond paradigms of psychoanalysis and behaviorism.
    • Activity theory theorizes that when individuals engage and interact with their environment, production of tools are resulted. These tools are "exteriorized" forms of mental processes, and as these mental processes are manifested in tools, they become more readily accessible and communicable to other people, thereafter becoming useful for social interaction
    • In the study of Human-Computer Interaction and cognitive science, activity theory can be used to provide a framework for evaluating design.
    • In a framework derived from activity theory, any task, or activity, can be broken down into actions, which are further subdivided into operations. In a design context, using these categories can provide the designer with an understanding of the steps necessary for a user to carry out a task.

  • Dialectical materialism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    辩证唯物主义，看了这里才知道就像对这个名字的不熟悉一样，其实，和我们之前学的辩证唯物主义是大不相同的。
    tags    : Dialectical materialism

  • 2007级硕士研究生的认知心理学Review

    这里是华师信科院认知研究室的教学网页，有不少有意思的论文列表在那里。
    tags    : cscw, chi, activity theory

  • GOMS - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

    tags: no_tag

    • GOMS stands for Goals, Operators, Methods, and Selection rules, an approach to human computer interaction observation. It was developed in 1983 by Stuart Card, Thomas P. Moran and Allen Newell, and spelled out in their book The Psychology of Human Computer Interaction
    • The plain, or "vanilla flavored", GOMS first introduced by Card, Moran and Newell is now referred to as CMN-GOMS. Keystroke Level Modeling (KLM) is the next GOMS technique and was also introduced by Card, Moran and Newell in their 1983 book.
    • All of the GOMS techniques provide valuable information, but they all also have certain drawbacks. None of the techniques address user unpredictability - such as user behaviour being affected by fatigue, social surroundings, or organizational factors.
    • only applicable to expert users, novices are not considered.[3]

  • KLM (human-computer interaction) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

    KLM是GOMS的一种实现
    tags    : chi

    • KLM (or KLM-GOMS) stands for Keystroke-Level Model, a hard science approach to human–computer interaction (HCI), based on CMN-GOMS, developed by Card, Moran & Newell, and spelled out in their book The Psychology of Human Computer Interaction, 1983. The Keystroke-Level Model is a 11 step method that can be used by individuals or companies seeking ways to estimate the time it takes to complete simple data input tasks using a computer and mouse.
    • KLM is not the only technique for evaluating interfaces, but it can be used to compare the speed of two different interfaces designed to accomplish the same task.
    • This method assumes that operator times are invariant and do not depend on the previous sequence of events. New physical operators can be added if their timing can be represented as a simple context-free function. KLM-GOMS does not account for either slips or mistakes automatically -- the analyst must create separate models of error sequences and perform their own sensitivity analysis.

  • The CogTool Project

    基于KLM和GOMS的一个具体应用。
    tags    : chi

    • It can be expensive to train users with a prototype, but unskilled users do not interact with a product in the same way as a skilled user. Cognitive performance modeling aims to solve this problem by predicting how a skilled user will interact with a system. Simulation and analysis take the place of expensive training and testing.
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Michael Richard Lynch - 传奇的人生，学生创业的典范


这里先来复习一下伟大的贝叶斯（Bayesion）公式：
贝叶斯公式说明了条件概率里面原因和结果概率之间的联系。贝叶斯分类器先设定一组条件的先验概率，然后用一组数据对分类器进行训练，得到更加精确的后验概率，最后就可以用分类器来进行分类和预测了。

今天，极天公司来实验室做交流，介绍了Autonomy公司，一家企业搜索提供商。极天公司是Autonomy的OEM商，为企业提供企业搜索解决方案（主要技术核心应该是在Autonomy的搜索引擎之上做了基于lucene的中文划词插件）。

期间，对Autonomy公司产生了兴趣，google之，发现了一个传奇的CEO， Lynch博士。他从大学期间开始创业，先后成功创办了多家高科技公司，其中3家以上的公司上市，最为成功的就是号称要Beat Google Up的Autonomy。从Lynch先生的生平我们可以推断，Autonomy公司的搜索引擎应该是基于Bayesion分类器的（Lynch先生从研究生开始就在搞Bayesion模式识别），他创办的几家公司都和神经网络、模式识别有关。


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CSCW 领域最重要的论文

这里列表了CSCW领域最为重要的论文。

  • CSCW Chasm paper

    This paper list is the result of a citation graph analysis of the CSCW Conference. It has been established in 2006 and reviewed by the CSCW Community. This list only contains papers published in one conference; papers published at other venues have also had significant impact on the CSCW community.

    tags: cscw


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CSCW和CHI相关领域的国际会议

这里是一些有丰富国际会议信息的网址：             CSCW会议规格比较高，影响力也比较大，impact factor 不同时期的列表不同，但是肯定是前100的。

  • CSCW 2008 - Call for Participation

    tags: cscw

    • We invite you to submit results of your research to the 2008 ACM conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW 2008), to be held November 8-12, 2008 in San Diego, CA, USA. T
    • Social Systems: Social Network Sites and Collective Intelligence
    • Web 2.0, Enterprise 2.0, Mashups
    从CFP的描述里面我们可以看到目前这一领域的新热点在于 SN和Web 2.0

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2008年10月27日星期一

VPN Split Tunneling

在使用VPN的过程里面遇到了一个问题，那就是我希望只对校园网的ip使用vpn。
这就要使用VPN Split Tunneling，这个东东在Windows XP里面默认是关闭的，而且配置的窗口埋藏的很深。网络连接 --> 属性 --> 网络 --> TCP/IP --> 高级 --> 去掉“在远程网络上使用默认网关”的checkbox的选择。
从命令行用route print命令查看路由表，可以看到在完成配置前，VPN的interface被配置成Destination 0.0.0.0 MASK 0.0.0 也就是说，它成为了默认路由，所有的ip包都会被发送到vpn的网关，而去掉之后，这个路由表项就没有了。
然后，需要手动将要使用vpn的ip加到路由表里面，还是用route 命令。为了方便，已经做了一个bat。但是，现在的问题是，一旦掉线重播，vpn本机的interface的ip地址会变化，因而目前还无法使用全自动的bat完成连接。只能够是，掉线 -> vpn重播，查看路由表弄清当前ip，重新添加路由表项。
不知道有啥办法从bat里面获取当前的vpn ip，如果可以的话就可以全自动了。

  • Arnshea's space: Split-Tunneling for PPTP vpn clients

    tags: no_tag

    • Split-Tunneling isn't supported by the Windows XP vpn client.

  • VPN Clients and Split Tunneling

    tags: no_tag

    • You run into big trouble when users decide to subvert network security by disabling the "Use Default Gateway on Remote Network" option. When users disable this option, a network route is still added to the VPN client's routing table, but it is not a default route. Instead of adding a new default route (gateway), the route added directs requests for the classfull network ID the VPN client was assigned on its VPN interface

  • VPN Clients and Split Tunneling

    VPN Clients and Split Tunneling

    tags: vpn

    • The "Use Default Gateway on the Remote Network" option is enabled by default. When the VPN client connects to the VPN server, a new default route is created on the VPN client and it appears in the VPN client's routing table. You can view this new route by opening a command prompt and typing the "route print" command
    • A VPN client with the "Use Default Gateway on Remote Network" setting enabled cannot access the Internet because the VPN client now uses the VPN interface to route packets to remote (non-local) networks after the new default route is added.

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2008年10月25日星期六

Ontology和OWL基础


  • 语义网的历史

  • Web本来就应该是语义网的，可是最初却只能是语法网。这个是Web发明人的观点：Tim Berners-Lee “... a goal of the Web was that, if the interaction between person and hypertext could be so intuitive that the machine-readable information space gave an accurate representation of the state of people's thoughts, interactions, and work patterns, then machine analysis could become a very powerful management tool, seeing patterns in our work and facilitating our working together through the typical problems which beset the management of large organizations.”
    现在我们从未Web增加一些sementic annotation来入手.

  • Web Ontology Language Requirements:
  1. Extends existing web standards - such as XML, RDF, RDFS
  2. Easy to understand and use - should be based on familiar KR idioms
  3. Formally specified
  4. Of "adequate" expressive power
  5. Possible to provide automated reasoning support

  • Introduction to OWL

    tags: ontology, owl

    • OWL and RDF are much of the same thing, but OWL is a stronger language with greater machine interpretability than RDF.
    • OWL comes with a larger vocabulary and stronger syntax than RDF.

  • metamodel.com - What are the differences between a vocabulary, a taxonomy, a thesaurus, an ontology, and a meta-model?

    tags: taxonomy, ontology, metadata, thesaurus, metamodel

    • A taxonomy is a collection of controlled vocabulary terms organized into a hierarchical structure.
    • A controlled vocabulary is a list of terms that have been enumerated explicitly.
    • A thesaurus is a networked collection of controlled vocabulary terms.
    • People use the word ontology to mean different things, e.g. glossaries & data dictionaries, thesauri & taxonomies, schemas & data models, and formal ontologies & inference. A formal ontology is a controlled vocabulary expressed in an ontology representation language. This language has a grammar for using vocabulary terms to express something meaningful within a specified domain of interest. The grammar contains formal constraints (e.g., specifies what it means to be a well-formed statement, assertion, query, etc.) on how terms in the ontology’s controlled vocabulary can be used together.

      • A meta-model is an explicit model of the constructs and rules needed to build specific models within a domain of interest. A valid meta-model is an ontology, but not all ontologies are modeled explicitly as meta-models. A meta-model can be viewed from three different perspectives:

        1. as a set of building blocks and rules used to build models
        2. as a model of a domain of interest, and
        3. as an instance of another model.

    • Bottom line: Taxonomies and Thesauri may relate terms in a controlled vocabulary via parent-child and associative relationships, but do not contain explicit grammar rules to constrain how to use controlled vocabulary terms to express (model) something meaningful within a domain of interest. A meta-model is an ontology used by modelers. People make commitments to use a specific controlled vocabulary or ontology for a domain of interest.

       

  • Cyc - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

    tags: no_tag

  • WordNet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

    tags: no_tag

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Intelligent tutoring system （ITS）系统初探

  • Intelligent tutoring system - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

    tags: no_tag

    • ITS的定义：An intelligent tutoring system (ITS) is any computer system that provides direct customized instruction or feedback to students

  • uMind - Rethinking AI -

    tags: its

    • 非常cool的ITS web application

  • ITS Journals

    G

    tags: its

    • ITS领域最为重要的会议，更新时间为2007

  • Tutor Research Group

    This page list the most important conferences and journals of Intellegent Tutor System

    tags: its

    • ms比较老了，不知道现在还有没有维护这些会议、期刊和项目的列表了

  • AITopics / IntelligentTutoringSystems

    tags: its

    • 关于ITS的新闻综述
    • Broadly defined, an intelligent tutoring system is educational software containing an artificial intelligence component. The software tracks students' work, tailoring feedback and hints along the way. By collecting information on a particular student's performance, the software can make inferences about strengths and weaknesses, and can suggest additional work
    • Information Sciences Institute news release (July 11, 2006). "Some students 'game' computer-based teaching programs (Intelligent Tutoring Systems, or ITS). New research at the USC Information Sciences Institute is looking at ways of predicting this behavior, and using such predictions to adapt the systems to fit individual student needs.
    • Applications of AI in Education. By Joseph Beck, Mia Stern, and Erik Haugsjaa. ACM Crossroads (student magazine of the Association for Computing Machinery), 1996. "In this paper, we start by providing an overview of the main components of intelligent tutoring systems. We then provide a brief summary of different types of ITSs. Next, we present a detailed discussion of two components, the student model and the pedagogical module. We close by discussing some of the open questions in ITS as well as future directions of the field."

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2008年10月22日星期三

Generalized linear model & Logistic regression

  • Generalized linear model - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

    tags: algorithm

    • In statistics, the generalized linear model (GLM) is a flexible generalization of ordinary least squares regression. It relates the random distribution of the measured variable of the experiment (the distribution function) to the systematic (non-random) portion of the experiment (the linear predictor) through a function called the link function.

  • Logistic regression - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

    In statistics, logistic regression is a model used for prediction of the probability of occurrence of an event by fitting data to a logistic curve. It makes use of several predictor variables that may be either numerical or categorical. For example, the probability that a person has a heart attack within a specified time period might be predicted from knowledge of the person's age, sex and body mass index. Logistic regression is used extensively in the medical and social sciences as well as marketing applications such as prediction of a customer's propensity to purchase a product or cease a subscription. Other names for logistic regression used in various other application areas include logistic model, logit model, and maximum-entropy classifier. Logistic regression is one of a class of models known as generalized linear models.

    tags: logistic, regression


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提高工作效率的窍门

提高工作效率是获得成功的不二法门

A joke : ) -- "some of people weren't running their computers, they were walking them"
  • 浏览器
    • Ctrl + Enter 键能够自动为IE或者Firefox对地址栏的字符串添加 www. 的前缀和 .com的后缀
    • Alt + Enter 键能够自动为Firefox对地址栏的字符串添加 www. 的前缀和 .org的后缀
    • TAB + <数字键> Firefox中定位到指定标签页
  • 命令行
    • 在命令行窗口里面使用TAB，非常爽的auto complete
    • 在命令行窗口中用F8根据你目前的输入在过去命令中选择，用F7直接显示历史命令列表
  • Eclipse
    • Ctrl + Shit + L 显示当前中上下文中的快捷键列表
    • Alt + Shit  + L  当中为当前的表达式引入变量
    • Alt + Shit + Up  当中逐级选择代码块
    • Ctrl + Shit + T 搜寻类
    • Ctrl + Shit + R 搜寻资源

  • AutoHotkey - Free Mouse and Keyboard Macro Program with Hotkeys and AutoText

    Auto hot key

    tags: windows, tools

  • CodeProject: Command Prompt Explorer Bar. Free source code and programming help

    The Command Prompt Explorer Bar is a small tool that extends Windows Explorer with command windows

    tags: tool

  • CLCL

    multiple clipboard hot key: Alt + C

    tags: tool, windows, clcl

  • Humanized > Enso

    Cool tool for launch application via key stroke, as well as some utility such as calculating and then replacing expression, spell checking, upper/lower case of words, ....

    tags: tool


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2008年10月20日星期一

CSCW领域概念学习（二）


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2008年10月19日星期日

网络的价值

网络的价值

网络的价值究竟是多少，该如何来度量，有不少有关这一方面的研究。
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2008年10月17日星期五

启用GForge Advanced Server

开始试用GForge AS. 尝试用其来管理项目。新建在公网的服务器上，走9988端口。现在使用的是AS的试用版，超过15用户需要购买。同时，有社区版可使用但是功能有削减。
在其上建立了第一个项目JPage，用来定制JSP页面分页的客户化标签。
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ALM和GForge

ALM工具学习
GForge 是一个优秀的基于PHP的ALM CSCW SCCM工具。目前正在使用它来管理自己的项目。今天开始启用Gforge AS来管理我自己的项目，新建了一个JPage项目来解决JSP页面的通用分页标签问题。
发现Gforge没有免费的Eclipse Plugin，尝试用Mylyn的Generic Web Connector来连接其任务库（需要安装 http://download.eclipse.org/tools/mylyn/update/incubator )。
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CSCW领域概念学习（一）


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Project on People and Robots: Carnegie Mellon University

  • Project on People and Robots: Carnegie Mellon University

    Robots that work with and for people must be designed for a social world. Our research seeks to promote positive interaction of people and robots, aid robotic technology development, and advance dialogue on social issues surrounding deployment of life-like robots in work and home settings

    tags: collaboration, cscw, robot, hci, hri

    • Robots that work with and for people must be designed for a social world. Our research seeks to promote positive interaction of people and robots, aid robotic technology development, and advance dialogue on social issues surrounding deployment of life-like robots in work and home settings

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