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CHI、CSCW领域的研究着眼于支持人类工作，这不可避免的需要人类行为和心理的理论基础。这方面的主流是以认知心理学（Cognitive Psychology）为核心的认知科学。而也有采用其他理论作为基础的。例如 行为理论（Activity Theory）就是其中重要的一种。
Activity Theory和Cognitive Psychology最大的区别就在于，A认为意识（Consciousness）为人类所独有，人（Human）和物（Thing）有着本质的区别；而C则认为，从信息处理的角度来看人对信息的处理没有什么不同于计算机器的，信息处理只有能力和范围的不同，本质上，人类没有啥特殊之处。
GOMS是一种认知科学基础上的人机交互的建模方法：Goal、Operations、Methods、Selections，而KLM是这一方法的具体化，Keystroke Level Model是对基于鼠标键盘的人机界面的低层交互建模方法。
Activity Theory 行为理论
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- 行 为理论(Activity Theory)是在20世纪40年代由前苏联列昂节夫（Leont’ev）根据他的老师兼同事，著名心理学家和教育理论家维果斯基(Vygotsky)的 文化历史心理学理论发展而来的。行为理论属于交叉学科理论，研究特定文化历史背景下人的行为活动，最早被前苏联应用于残疾儿童的教育和设备控制面板的人性 化设计。在20世纪90年代，Bonnie Nardi等人将行为理论引入美国等西方国家。行为理论的哲学基础是辩证唯物主义哲学，其基本思想是，人类行为是人与社会和物理环境所造就的事物之间的双 向交互过程，人类行为的产生来自于主观人与客观事物之间的普遍联系和不断发展之中。
- 行为理论通过构造行为系统来实现。行为系统包括三个核心成分（主体、客体和团体）和三个次要成分（工具、规则和劳动分工）。次要成分构成了核心成分三者之间的联系。
核心成分中主体是行为的执行者，客体是主体加工处理的对象，团体是指行为发生时行为主体所在的群体。次要成分中的工具将主体与客体联系起来，工具包括具体 的工具（如语言、笔、纸、教材等）和抽象的工具（如某种思考方法、某种解题规则等）。规则是社会水平和团体水平的法律、标准、规范、政策、策略、伦理道 德、文化传统以及个体水平的价值观、信仰等等。规则是行为主体与团体之间的联系纽带。在将行为客体转换为某种结果的过程中，需要界定团体中的不同成员在达 到目标过程中所承担的责任，这就劳动分工。劳动分工将团体与客体联系起来。
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Activity theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- Activity theory is a psychological meta-theory, paradigm, or framework, with its roots in the Soviet psychologist Vygotsky's cultural-historical psychology. Its founders were Alexei N. Leont'ev (1903-1979), and Sergei Rubinshtein (1889-1960) who sought to understand human activities as complex, socially situated phenomena and go beyond paradigms of psychoanalysis and behaviorism. It became one of the major psychological approaches in the former USSR, being widely used in both theoretical and applied psychology, in areas such as education, training, ergonomics, and work psychology [1]. Activity theory theorizes that when individuals engage and interact with their environment, production of tools are resulted. These tools are "exteriorized" forms of mental processes, and as these mental processes are manifested in tools, they become more readily accessible and communicable to other people, thereafter becoming useful for social interaction.
- Activity theory is a psychological meta-theory, paradigm, or framework, with its roots in the Soviet psychologist Vygotsky's cultural-historical psychology. Its founders were Alexei N. Leont'ev (1903-1979), and Sergei Rubinshtein (1889-1960) who sought to understand human activities as complex, socially situated phenomena and go beyond paradigms of psychoanalysis and behaviorism.
- Activity theory theorizes that when individuals engage and interact with their environment, production of tools are resulted. These tools are "exteriorized" forms of mental processes, and as these mental processes are manifested in tools, they become more readily accessible and communicable to other people, thereafter becoming useful for social interaction
- In the study of Human-Computer Interaction and cognitive science, activity theory can be used to provide a framework for evaluating design.
- In a framework derived from activity theory, any task, or activity, can be broken down into actions, which are further subdivided into operations. In a design context, using these categories can provide the designer with an understanding of the steps necessary for a user to carry out a task.
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GOMS - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- GOMS stands for Goals, Operators, Methods, and Selection rules, an approach to human computer interaction observation. It was developed in 1983 by Stuart Card, Thomas P. Moran and Allen Newell, and spelled out in their book The Psychology of Human Computer Interaction
- The plain, or "vanilla flavored", GOMS first introduced by Card, Moran and Newell is now referred to as CMN-GOMS. Keystroke Level Modeling (KLM) is the next GOMS technique and was also introduced by Card, Moran and Newell in their 1983 book.
- All of the GOMS techniques provide valuable information, but they all also have certain drawbacks. None of the techniques address user unpredictability - such as user behaviour being affected by fatigue, social surroundings, or organizational factors.
- only applicable to expert users, novices are not considered.[3]
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KLM (human-computer interaction) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- KLM (or KLM-GOMS) stands for Keystroke-Level Model, a hard science approach to human–computer interaction (HCI), based on CMN-GOMS, developed by Card, Moran & Newell, and spelled out in their book The Psychology of Human Computer Interaction, 1983. The Keystroke-Level Model is a 11 step method that can be used by individuals or companies seeking ways to estimate the time it takes to complete simple data input tasks using a computer and mouse.
- KLM is not the only technique for evaluating interfaces, but it can be used to compare the speed of two different interfaces designed to accomplish the same task.
- This method assumes that operator times are invariant and do not depend on the previous sequence of events. New physical operators can be added if their timing can be represented as a simple context-free function. KLM-GOMS does not account for either slips or mistakes automatically -- the analyst must create separate models of error sequences and perform their own sensitivity analysis.
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- It can be expensive to train users with a prototype, but unskilled users do not interact with a product in the same way as a skilled user. Cognitive performance modeling aims to solve this problem by predicting how a skilled user will interact with a system. Simulation and analysis take the place of expensive training and testing.
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